Simple past tense: rumus, contoh kalimat, dan keterangan waktunya
Tim HarauKampung Inggris Sumatra
Rumus simple past tense: S + verb 2 untuk kalimat positif, S + did not + verb 1 untuk negatif, dan Did + S + verb 1? untuk tanya. Verb 2 hanya muncul di kalimat positif. Kalimat nominal memakai was (I, he, she, it) dan were (you, we, they). Penandanya: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2020.
Isi artikel
- Apa itu simple past tense?
- Rumus simple past tense: kalimat verbal
- Rumus kalimat nominal: was dan were
- Verb 2: regular dan irregular
- Kapan simple past tense dipakai?
- Keterangan waktu simple past tense
- Kalimat tanya dengan kata tanya
- Contoh cerita pendek dalam simple past
- Kesalahan yang sering muncul
- Latihan soal simple past tense
- Sesudah simple past, belajar apa?
Simple past tense adalah bentuk kalimat bahasa Inggris untuk kejadian yang sudah selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Rumus kalimat positifnya subject + verb 2, misalnya I visited my grandmother yesterday. Kalimat negatif dan tanya memakai did + verb 1. Kalimat tanpa kata kerja memakai was atau were.
Apa itu simple past tense?
Bahasa Indonesia menandai masa lalu dengan kata tambahan: kemarin, tadi, dulu, sudah. Kata kerjanya sendiri tidak berubah. "Aku makan" bisa berarti sekarang, bisa juga tadi pagi.
Bahasa Inggris bekerja terbalik. Kata kerjanya yang berubah:
- I eat breakfast at six. (kebiasaan, simple present tense)
- I ate breakfast at six. (tadi pagi, simple past tense)
Simple past tense dipakai untuk kejadian yang sudah selesai pada satu titik di masa lalu. Titik itu bisa disebut (yesterday, last year, in 2019), bisa juga sudah jelas dari ceritanya.
Tense inilah yang paling banyak kamu pakai saat bercerita: liburan kemarin, pengalaman masa kecil, kejadian lucu di kelas. Hampir semua kalimat dalam narrative text juga memakai tense ini.
Rumus simple past tense: kalimat verbal
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positif | S + verb 2 | We played badminton yesterday. | Kami bermain bulu tangkis kemarin. |
| Negatif | S + did not + verb 1 | We did not play football. | Kami tidak bermain sepak bola. |
| Tanya | Did + S + verb 1? | Did you play badminton? | Apakah kamu bermain bulu tangkis? |
Tiga hal yang membuat tense ini lebih ringan daripada simple present:
- Verb 2 sama untuk semua subjek. I played, she played, they played. Tidak ada tambahan -s.
- Kata bantunya cuma satu. Did dipakai untuk semua subjek, tidak dibagi seperti do dan does.
- Verb 2 hanya muncul di kalimat positif. Begitu ada did, kata kerjanya kembali ke verb 1.
Singkatan did not adalah didn't. Jawaban pendeknya Yes, I did atau No, I didn't, tanpa mengulang kata kerja.
Rumus kalimat nominal: was dan were
Kalau kalimatnya tidak punya kata kerja, pakai bentuk lampau to be.
| Subjek | To be | Positif | Negatif | Tanya |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I, he, she, it | was | She was at home. | She was not at home. | Was she at home? |
| you, we, they | were | They were busy. | They were not busy. | Were they busy? |
Singkatannya wasn't dan weren't. Di kalimat nominal tidak ada did: Did you sick? salah, yang benar Were you sick?
Was dan were juga dipakai dengan born: I was born in Solok. Kalimat ini selalu lampau, karena lahirnya sudah terjadi.
Verb 2: regular dan irregular
Verb 2 terbentuk dengan dua cara.
Regular verb tinggal ditambah -ed, dengan sedikit penyesuaian ejaan.
| Akhir kata kerja | Aturan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Umumnya | tambah -ed | walk → walked, clean → cleaned |
| -e | tambah -d | live → lived, dance → danced |
| konsonan + y | y jadi i, tambah -ed | study → studied, carry → carried |
| satu vokal + satu konsonan, bertekanan | konsonan digandakan | stop → stopped, plan → planned |
Aturan lengkap dan cara membaca akhiran -ed ada di artikel regular verb.
Irregular verb berubah dengan caranya sendiri dan harus dihafal. Ini lima belas yang paling sering dipakai untuk bercerita:
| Verb 1 | Verb 2 | Arti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | pergi | We went to the beach. |
| come | came | datang | He came late. |
| see | saw | melihat | I saw him at the market. |
| eat | ate | makan | They ate satay. |
| drink | drank | minum | She drank iced tea. |
| buy | bought | membeli | I bought a new bag. |
| take | took | mengambil, naik | We took a bus. |
| give | gave | memberi | He gave me a pen. |
| get | got | mendapat | I got a good score. |
| have | had | punya, mengalami | We had a great time. |
| make | made | membuat | She made a cake. |
| say | said | berkata | He said sorry. |
| tell | told | memberi tahu | She told me the news. |
| meet | met | bertemu | I met my old friend. |
| find | found | menemukan | They found the key. |
Daftar yang lebih panjang, dikelompokkan per pola, ada di artikel irregular verb. Kalau mau melihat tiga bentuknya sekaligus, buka daftar verb 1 2 3.
Kapan simple past tense dipakai?
| Fungsi | Contoh | Arti |
|---|---|---|
| Satu kejadian yang sudah selesai | I finished my homework last night. | Aku menyelesaikan PR tadi malam. |
| Rangkaian kejadian berurutan | She woke up, took a shower, and left. | Dia bangun, mandi, lalu berangkat. |
| Kebiasaan di masa lalu | We walked to school every day. | Dulu kami jalan kaki ke sekolah tiap hari. |
| Keadaan di masa lalu | He lived in Medan for five years. | Dia pernah tinggal di Medan selama lima tahun. |
| Kejadian yang memotong kejadian lain | I was sleeping when the phone rang. | Aku sedang tidur waktu teleponnya berdering. |
Baris keempat perlu dicermati. He lived in Medan for five years berarti sekarang dia sudah tidak di Medan. Kalau masih tinggal di sana, kalimatnya berubah menjadi He has lived in Medan for five years, dan itu sudah wilayah present perfect tense.
Untuk kebiasaan lampau yang sudah berhenti, ada juga used to + verb 1: I used to play marbles. (Dulu aku suka main kelereng.) Maknanya lebih tegas: dulu iya, sekarang tidak lagi.
Keterangan waktu simple past tense
| Penanda | Arti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | kemarin | I called her yesterday. |
| last night, last week, last year | tadi malam, minggu lalu, tahun lalu | We moved here last year. |
| ... ago | ... yang lalu | He left ten minutes ago. |
| in + tahun atau bulan yang sudah lewat | pada | She graduated in 2023. |
| this morning (kalau sudah lewat) | tadi pagi | I missed the bus this morning. |
| when I was ... | waktu aku ... | I learned to swim when I was seven. |
| the day before yesterday | kemarin lusa | They arrived the day before yesterday. |
Tiga catatan ejaan dan susunan:
- Ago selalu di belakang rentang waktunya: two days ago, bukan ago two days.
- Last tidak didahului the atau in: last week, bukan in the last week, kalau maksudnya minggu lalu.
- Yesterday night jarang dipakai. Bentuk yang lazim last night.
Kalimat tanya dengan kata tanya
Kata tanya + did + S + verb 1?
| Pertanyaan | Jawaban |
|---|---|
| Where did you go last weekend? | I went to Bukittinggi. |
| What did she buy? | She bought some books. |
| When did they arrive? | They arrived this morning. |
| How did you get there? | I took a bus. |
| Why did he leave early? | He felt sick. |
| Where were you last night? | I was at my friend's house. |
Kalau yang ditanyakan subjeknya, did tidak dipakai dan kata kerjanya langsung verb 2:
- Who called you? (Siapa yang meneleponmu?)
- What happened? (Apa yang terjadi?)
Bandingkan dengan Who did you call? (Siapa yang kamu telepon?). Di kalimat ini yang ditanyakan objeknya, jadi did kembali muncul.
Contoh cerita pendek dalam simple past
Last Saturday, my friends and I visited a waterfall near our school. We left at seven in the morning and walked for about twenty minutes. The water was very cold, but we swam anyway. After that, we ate fried rice and took a lot of photos. We did not want to go home. It was a tiring day, but everyone felt happy.
Terjemahannya: Sabtu lalu, aku dan teman-temanku mengunjungi air terjun dekat sekolah. Kami berangkat jam tujuh pagi dan berjalan sekitar dua puluh menit. Airnya sangat dingin, tetapi kami tetap berenang. Sesudah itu, kami makan nasi goreng dan mengambil banyak foto. Kami tidak mau pulang. Hari itu melelahkan, tetapi semua orang merasa senang.
Coba hitung. Ada sepuluh kata kerja lampau: dua regular (visited, walked), lima irregular (left, swam, ate, took, felt), dua was, dan satu bentuk negatif (did not want). Di bentuk negatif itu, want kembali ke verb 1.
Kesalahan yang sering muncul
| Salah | Benar | Kenapa |
|---|---|---|
| I go to the market yesterday. | I went to the market yesterday. | Ada yesterday, jadi kata kerjanya verb 2. |
| She didn't came to class. | She didn't come to class. | Sesudah didn't dipakai verb 1. |
| Did you saw the email? | Did you see the email? | Sesudah did dipakai verb 1. |
| I was go to Padang last week. | I went to Padang last week. | Was tidak digabung dengan verb 1. |
| They was happy. | They were happy. | They berpasangan dengan were. |
| He buyed a motorcycle. | He bought a motorcycle. | Buy irregular. Verb 2-nya bought. |
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | Keterangan waktu lampau memakai simple past. |
| We studyed together. | We studied together. | Konsonan + y berubah menjadi -ied. |
| Did you tired last night? | Were you tired last night? | Tired kata sifat, jadi memakai were. |
Kesalahan pertama paling sering terjadi saat bicara. Otak kita terbiasa mengandalkan kata "kemarin" untuk menandai waktu, lalu lupa mengubah kata kerjanya. Obatnya latihan bercerita dengan suara keras, bukan menghafal rumus.
Latihan soal simple past tense
A. Ubah kata kerja dalam kurung ke bentuk yang benar.
- We ... (watch) a football match last night.
- My father ... (buy) this car in 2020.
- She ... (not/finish) her essay yesterday.
- ... you ... (meet) the new tutor this morning?
- The children ... (be) very quiet during the test.
B. Buat pertanyaan untuk bagian yang dicetak tebal.
- I went to Lake Maninjau. (Where ...?)
- They arrived at nine. (What time ...?)
C. Perbaiki kalimatnya.
- He didn't told me the truth.
- I was born in Padang and I grow up there.
- Where you went last holiday?
Kunci jawaban
- watched
- bought
- did not finish atau didn't finish
- Did ... meet
- were
- Where did you go?
- What time did they arrive?
- He didn't tell me the truth.
- I was born in Padang and I grew up there.
- Where did you go last holiday?
Nomor 9 menguji konsistensi. Kalau ceritanya sudah di masa lalu, semua kata kerjanya ikut lampau, termasuk yang letaknya jauh dari keterangan waktu.
Sesudah simple past, belajar apa?
- Rapikan hafalan verb 2. Mulai dari lima belas kata di atas, lalu lanjut ke daftar irregular verb.
- Pelajari present perfect tense supaya bisa membedakan "sudah" yang menyebut waktu dan "sudah" yang tidak.
- Tambah bahan cerita dari kumpulan kosakata bahasa Inggris per tema.
Latihan yang paling cepat terasa hasilnya: tiap malam, tulis lima kalimat tentang hari itu. I woke up at five. I had rice for breakfast. Seminggu kemudian, verb 2 yang sering kamu pakai sudah hafal tanpa dihafal.
Di Kampung Inggris Sumatra, tenses dibangun bertahap di program Basic: polanya dipahami dulu, lalu dipakai menulis, dan tulisanmu dinilai tutor.
Mau cerita pengalamanmu dalam bahasa Inggris tanpa tersendat?
Di program Basic Kampung Inggris Sumatra, tenses dibahas satu per satu sampai paham, lalu kamu menulis memakai tenses itu dan tulisanmu dinilai tutor.
