Direct and indirect speech, rumus perubahan dan contohnya
Tim HarauKampung Inggris Sumatra
Untuk mengubah direct ke indirect speech: buang tanda petik, sesuaikan kata ganti dengan orang yang bercerita, mundurkan tense satu langkah (am jadi was, will jadi would), dan geser keterangan waktu (tomorrow jadi the next day). Kalimat tanya memakai if atau kata tanya dengan susunan kalimat biasa. Kalimat perintah memakai to + verb 1.
Isi artikel
- Pengertian direct speech dan indirect speech
- Cara menulis direct speech dengan benar
- Empat hal yang berubah
- Perubahan tense
- Perubahan kata ganti
- Perubahan keterangan waktu dan tempat
- Rumus per jenis kalimat
- Beda say dan tell
- Kesalahan yang sering muncul
- Latihan soal direct and indirect speech
- Cara melatihnya sehari-hari
Direct and indirect speech adalah dua cara menyampaikan ucapan orang lain. Direct speech mengutip kata-katanya persis di dalam tanda petik: She said, "I am tired." Indirect speech menceritakan ulang isinya tanpa tanda petik: She said that she was tired. Saat diubah ke indirect, ada empat hal yang ikut berubah: tanda baca, kata ganti, tense, dan keterangan waktu atau tempat.
Pengertian direct speech dan indirect speech
Bayangkan temanmu, Rina, menelepon dan bilang dia capek. Sesudah telepon ditutup, kamu punya dua cara menyampaikannya ke orang lain.
Direct speech (kalimat langsung) mengulang ucapan Rina kata demi kata dan mengapitnya dengan tanda petik:
- Rina said, "I am tired." (Rina berkata, "Aku capek.")
Indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung) menyampaikan isinya saja dengan kata-katamu sendiri:
- Rina said that she was tired. (Rina bilang bahwa dia capek.)
Bahasa Indonesia melakukan hal yang sama, hanya lebih ringan. "Aku" berubah menjadi "dia", dan selesai. Bahasa Inggris meminta lebih: I menjadi she, dan am mundur menjadi was. Perubahan tense inilah yang paling sering membuat bingung.
Indirect speech juga disebut reported speech. Bagian yang melaporkan (Rina said) disebut reporting clause, dan kata kerjanya (said, told, asked) disebut reporting verb.
Cara menulis direct speech dengan benar
Sebelum mengubah, pastikan kalimat langsungnya sendiri ditulis rapi. Aturan tanda bacanya sedikit berbeda dari bahasa Indonesia.
| Posisi | Contoh | Yang diperhatikan |
|---|---|---|
| Pelapor di depan | He said, "I'm hungry." | Koma sesudah said, kutipan diawali huruf kapital, titik di dalam tanda petik. |
| Pelapor di belakang | "I'm hungry," he said. | Kutipan ditutup koma, bukan titik. he huruf kecil. |
| Kutipan berupa pertanyaan | "Are you hungry?" he asked. | Tanda tanya di dalam tanda petik, tanpa koma tambahan. |
| Pelapor di tengah | "I'm hungry," he said, "and tired." | Dua koma mengapit pelapor, lanjutan kutipan huruf kecil. |
Kalimat langsung paling banyak dipakai di cerita, misalnya dialog tokoh dalam narrative text. Di percakapan sehari-hari, berita, dan laporan, yang lebih sering dipakai adalah kalimat tidak langsung.
Empat hal yang berubah
Ambil satu kalimat dan ubah langkah demi langkah.
Rina said, "I will meet my friend here tomorrow."
- Tanda baca. Koma dan tanda petik dibuang, lalu boleh ditambah that: Rina said that ...
- Kata ganti. I menjadi she, my menjadi her, karena yang bercerita sekarang kamu, bukan Rina.
- Tense. will mundur menjadi would.
- Keterangan waktu dan tempat. here menjadi there, tomorrow menjadi the next day.
Hasilnya: Rina said that she would meet her friend there the next day.
Empat langkah itu dipakai untuk semua kalimat. Tiga bagian berikut membahas langkah 2, 3, dan 4 satu per satu.
Perubahan tense
Kalau reporting verb berbentuk lampau (said, told, asked), kata kerja di dalam ucapan mundur satu langkah ke arah lampau. Istilahnya backshift.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple present | Simple past | "I live in Padang." → She said she lived in Padang. |
| Present continuous | Past continuous | "I am cooking." → He said he was cooking. |
| Present perfect | Past perfect | "We have finished." → They said they had finished. |
| Present perfect continuous | Past perfect continuous | "I have been waiting." → She said she had been waiting. |
| Simple past | Past perfect | "I lost my key." → He said he had lost his key. |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous | "I was sleeping." → She said she had been sleeping. |
| am/is/are going to | was/were going to | "I'm going to move." → He said he was going to move. |
| will | would | "I will call you." → She said she would call me. |
| can | could | "I can swim." → He said he could swim. |
| may | might | "It may rain." → She said it might rain. |
| must | had to | "I must go." → He said he had to go. |
Yang tidak berubah: past perfect, would, could, should, might, ought to, dan used to. Bentuk-bentuk ini sudah di ujung, tidak bisa mundur lagi.
- "I had already eaten." → She said she had already eaten.
- "You should rest." → He said I should rest.
Kalau nama-nama tense di tabel masih terasa asing, baca dulu ringkasan 16 tenses. Bentuk lampau kata kerjanya ada di artikel simple past tense dan present perfect tense.
Kapan tense tidak dimundurkan
- Reporting verb berbentuk present. She says she is tired. Ini biasa dipakai saat menyampaikan pesan yang baru saja diterima.
- Kebenaran umum. The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- Keadaannya masih berlaku. He said he lives in Medan. Memakai lived di sini juga benar.
Perubahan kata ganti
Tidak ada tabel tetap untuk kata ganti, karena hasilnya bergantung pada siapa bicara kepada siapa. Pegangannya satu: lihat dari sudut orang yang sedang bercerita.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech | Penjelasan |
|---|---|---|
| Dimas said, "I like my class." | Dimas said he liked his class. | I dan my merujuk ke Dimas. |
| Sari said to me, "You are late." | Sari told me I was late. | You merujuk ke aku, orang yang diajak bicara. |
| They said, "We need our books." | They said they needed their books. | We merujuk ke mereka. |
| Mr. Adi said to us, "I will help you." | Mr. Adi said he would help us. | I = Mr. Adi, you = kami. |
| I said, "I am ready." | I said I was ready. | Kamu melaporkan ucapanmu sendiri, jadi tetap I. |
Kata tunjuk ikut bergeser: this menjadi that, dan these menjadi those. Daftar lengkap kata ganti subjek, objek, dan milik ada di artikel pronoun.
Perubahan keterangan waktu dan tempat
Kata seperti today dan here hanya benar pada saat dan di tempat ucapan itu keluar. Kalau kamu menceritakannya seminggu kemudian di tempat lain, katanya harus digeser.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech | Arti |
|---|---|---|
| now | then, at that time | saat itu |
| today | that day | hari itu |
| tonight | that night | malam itu |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | sehari sebelumnya |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | keesokan harinya |
| last week | the week before, the previous week | seminggu sebelumnya |
| next month | the following month | bulan berikutnya |
| two days ago | two days before | dua hari sebelumnya |
| here | there | di sana |
| this | that | itu |
| these | those | itu (jamak) |
Contoh: "I arrived here yesterday," she said. → She said she had arrived there the day before.
Pergeseran ini mengikuti akal sehat, bukan hafalan buta. Kalau kamu menyampaikan ucapan itu pada hari yang sama dan di tempat yang sama, today dan here boleh tetap.
Rumus per jenis kalimat
Pernyataan
S + said + (that) + S + V atau S + told + objek + (that) + S + V
- "I am busy," Tia said. → Tia said (that) she was busy.
- "I am busy," Tia said to me. → Tia told me (that) she was busy.
Pertanyaan ya/tidak
S + asked + (objek) + if/whether + S + V
- "Do you like coffee?" → She asked me if I liked coffee.
- "Are you tired?" → He asked whether I was tired.
- "Have you eaten?" → Mom asked if I had eaten.
Kata bantu do, does, did hilang, susunannya kembali seperti kalimat berita, dan tanda tanya diganti titik.
Pertanyaan dengan kata tanya
S + asked + (objek) + kata tanya + S + V
- "Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived.
- "What time is it?" → He asked what time it was.
- "Why did you leave?" → They asked me why I had left.
Kata tanyanya dipertahankan, tapi sesudahnya tetap subjek dulu, baru kata kerja.
Perintah dan permintaan
S + told/asked + objek + to + V1 (larangan: not to + V1)
- "Open the window." → She told me to open the window.
- "Please sit down." → He asked us to sit down.
- "Don't be late." → The tutor told us not to be late.
Tidak ada perubahan tense di sini, karena yang dipakai bentuk to + verb 1. Kata please hilang dan maknanya dipindahkan ke kata kerja asked.
Ajakan
S + suggested + V-ing
- "Let's take a break." → She suggested taking a break.
Sesudah suggest dipakai kata kerja berakhiran -ing, bukan to + verb. Alasannya dibahas di artikel gerund.
Beda say dan tell
Dua kata ini sama-sama berarti "berkata", tapi susunannya berbeda.
| Pola | Contoh | |
|---|---|---|
| say | say + (that) + kalimat | She said she was tired. |
| say | say + to + orang | She said to me that she was tired. |
| tell | tell + orang + (that) + kalimat | She told me she was tired. |
Tell selalu diikuti orangnya. Say tidak langsung diikuti orang. Jadi She said me dan She told that dua-duanya salah.
Selain say, tell, dan ask, ada banyak kata pelapor lain seperti explain, promise, warn, dan admit. Pilihan kata itu dibahas di artikel reported speech.
Kesalahan yang sering muncul
| Salah | Benar | Kenapa |
|---|---|---|
| She said me that she was busy. | She told me that she was busy. | Say tidak langsung diikuti orang. |
| He asked where did I live. | He asked where I lived. | Tidak ada did; susunan kalimat berita. |
| She asked me was I hungry. | She asked me if I was hungry. | Pertanyaan ya/tidak memakai if atau whether. |
| He asked what was my name. | He asked what my name was. | Subjek dulu, baru kata kerja. |
| She told me don't worry. | She told me not to worry. | Larangan memakai not to + verb 1. |
| He said that he will come. | He said that he would come. | Said lampau, jadi will mundur. |
| They said they finished yesterday. | They said they had finished the day before. | Simple past mundur ke past perfect, yesterday ikut digeser. |
| He said, he was tired. | He said he was tired. | Indirect speech tidak memakai koma sesudah said. |
| She asked if I liked coffee? | She asked if I liked coffee. | Kalimatnya sudah bukan pertanyaan. |
Kesalahan kedua dan keempat paling khas penutur Indonesia. Kita terbiasa dengan susunan pertanyaan Where do you live?, lalu membawanya utuh ke kalimat tidak langsung.
Latihan soal direct and indirect speech
A. Ubah menjadi indirect speech.
- Dimas said, "I am learning English."
- Sari said, "I have finished my homework."
- "I will visit you tomorrow," Budi said to me.
- "We went to the waterfall yesterday," they said.
- The tutor asked, "Do you understand the lesson?"
- She asked me, "Where do you come from?"
- "Close the door," he said to me.
- "Don't use your phone in class," the tutor said to us.
B. Ubah menjadi direct speech.
- Maya said that she could speak two languages.
- He asked me if I was ready.
Kunci jawaban
- Dimas said (that) he was learning English.
- Sari said (that) she had finished her homework.
- Budi told me (that) he would visit me the next day.
- They said (that) they had gone to the waterfall the day before.
- The tutor asked if we understood the lesson. (whether juga benar; if I understood benar kalau yang ditanya satu orang)
- She asked me where I came from.
- He told me to close the door.
- The tutor told us not to use our phones in class.
- Maya said, "I can speak two languages."
- He asked me, "Are you ready?"
Cara melatihnya sehari-hari
Indirect speech adalah keterampilan bercerita, jadi latihannya juga bercerita. Tiap malam, ingat tiga hal yang dikatakan orang kepadamu hari itu, lalu tulis ulang: My friend said that ..., My mother asked me if ..., My teacher told us to ... Tiga kalimat sehari sudah mencakup pernyataan, pertanyaan, dan perintah.
Supaya kalimatmu tidak berputar di kata yang sama, tambah stok kata kerja dan kata benda dari kumpulan kosakata bahasa Inggris sehari-hari.
Kalau kamu ingin ada yang langsung membetulkan saat will lupa diubah menjadi would, itu yang terjadi di program Basic Kampung Inggris Sumatra. Grammar dibahas dari dasar, lalu dipakai menceritakan ulang obrolan sungguhan dengan teman sekelas.
Paham rumusnya, tapi kagok waktu harus menceritakan ulang?
Kalimat tidak langsung baru terasa gampang kalau sering dipakai. Di program Basic Kampung Inggris Sumatra, grammar dibahas dari dasar, lalu kamu berlatih menceritakan ulang ucapan teman dan tutor sampai perubahan tensenya jalan sendiri.
