Reported speech: rumus, reporting verb, dan contoh kalimat
Tim HarauKampung Inggris Sumatra
Reported speech = pelapor + reporting verb + isi ucapan. Sesudah kata pelapor lampau, tense mundur satu langkah, lalu kata ganti dan keterangan waktu ikut menyesuaikan. Say dan tell hanya melaporkan kata-katanya. Reporting verb lain seperti promise, warn, dan suggest sekaligus menyebut maksud pembicara, dan tiap kata punya pola sendiri.
Isi artikel
Reported speech adalah kalimat yang menceritakan ulang ucapan, pertanyaan, atau pikiran seseorang tanpa mengutipnya kata demi kata: She said she was busy. Rumus dasarnya pelapor + reporting verb + isi ucapan, dengan tense yang biasanya mundur satu langkah. Yang membuat ceritamu hidup adalah pilihan kata pelapornya: promised, warned, suggested, apologized. Enam polanya ada di bawah, lengkap dengan 30 kata dan latihan.
Apa itu reported speech?
Tiap hari kamu melaporkan ucapan orang. "Kata dosen, kuisnya diundur." "Ibu nanya, kamu sudah makan belum." Dalam bahasa Inggris, kalimat seperti itu disebut reported speech.
- Ucapan asli: "The quiz is postponed."
- Reported speech: The lecturer said (that) the quiz was postponed.
Ada tiga bagian di kalimat kedua. The lecturer adalah pelapor, said adalah reporting verb, dan the quiz was postponed adalah isi ucapan. Tanda petik hilang, dan is berubah menjadi was.
Reported speech juga dikenal sebagai indirect speech. Cara mengubah kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung, langkah demi langkah, sudah dibahas di artikel direct and indirect speech. Halaman ini melanjutkannya: rumus ringkasnya, lalu cara memilih reporting verb yang tepat.
Rumus dasar reported speech
Bentuk kalimatnya bergantung pada apa yang dilaporkan: pernyataan, pertanyaan, atau perintah.
| Yang dilaporkan | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Pernyataan | S + said + (that) + S + V | He said (that) he needed more time. |
| Pernyataan ke seseorang | S + told + objek + (that) + S + V | He told me (that) he needed more time. |
| Pertanyaan ya/tidak | S + asked + (objek) + if/whether + S + V | She asked if I had a pen. |
| Pertanyaan wh- | S + asked + (objek) + kata tanya + S + V | She asked where the office was. |
| Perintah, permintaan | S + told/asked + objek + to + V1 | The tutor told us to speak louder. |
| Larangan | S + told/asked + objek + not to + V1 | Mom told me not to stay up late. |
Dua hal yang perlu diingat. Pertama, pertanyaan yang dilaporkan sudah bukan pertanyaan lagi. Susunannya subjek dulu, baru kata kerja, tanpa do/does/did dan tanpa tanda tanya. Kedua, perintah tidak mengalami perubahan tense karena memakai to + verb 1.
Perubahan tense, sekilas
Kalau reporting verb berbentuk lampau (said, told, asked), kata kerja di dalam isi ucapan mundur satu langkah.
| Ucapan asli | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| "I work in a bank." | She said she worked in a bank. |
| "I am waiting for the bus." | He said he was waiting for the bus. |
| "I have seen that film." | She said she had seen that film. |
| "I bought a new phone." | He said he had bought a new phone. |
| "I will text you." | She said she would text me. |
| "I can drive." | He said he could drive. |
Kata ganti dan keterangan waktu ikut bergeser: I menjadi he atau she, tomorrow menjadi the next day, here menjadi there. Tense tidak perlu mundur kalau reporting verb berbentuk present (She says she is busy) atau isinya masih berlaku saat kamu bercerita.
Nama-nama tense di tabel ini dijelaskan di ringkasan tenses bahasa Inggris. Perubahan will, can, dan may mengikuti bentuk lampau modal verb.
Reporting verb: lebih dari sekadar said
Bandingkan dua laporan untuk ucapan yang sama, "I'll pay you back on Friday."
- He said he would pay me back on Friday.
- He promised to pay me back on Friday.
Dua-duanya benar. Tapi kalimat kedua lebih pendek dan langsung menyebut maksudnya: dia berjanji. Itulah kerja reporting verb. Say dan tell hanya menyampaikan kata-kata. Kata seperti promise, warn, admit, dan suggest menyampaikan kata-kata sekaligus niat di baliknya.
Masalahnya, reporting verb tidak bisa ditukar begitu saja. Tiap kata punya pola kalimat sendiri. Ada enam pola, dan 30 kata di bawah ini dikelompokkan menurut polanya.
Pola 1: verb + (that) + kalimat
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| say | berkata | She said (that) the shop was closed. |
| explain | menjelaskan | He explained that the bus had broken down. |
| mention | menyebutkan | Rina mentioned that she was moving to Medan. |
| reply | menjawab | I replied that I didn't know the answer. |
| complain | mengeluh | They complained that the room was too hot. |
| claim | mengaku, mengklaim | He claimed that he had finished everything. |
| announce | mengumumkan | The school announced that the exam would start at nine. |
Kata-kata di kelompok ini tidak langsung diikuti orang. Kalau pendengarnya mau disebut, pakai to: He explained to me that the bus had broken down.
Pola 2: verb + objek + (that) + kalimat
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| tell | memberi tahu | Dimas told me (that) he had passed the test. |
| inform | menginformasikan | The staff informed us that the class was full. |
| assure | meyakinkan | She assured me that everything was fine. |
Kebalikan dari pola 1, kelompok ini wajib menyebut orangnya. He told that ... tanpa objek adalah kalimat yang salah.
Pola 3: verb + to + verb 1
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| promise | berjanji | He promised to call me that night. |
| offer | menawarkan diri | She offered to carry my bag. |
| agree | setuju | They agreed to meet at seven. |
| refuse | menolak | He refused to answer the question. |
| threaten | mengancam | The landlord threatened to raise the rent. |
Pola ini cocok untuk ucapan tentang apa yang akan dilakukan si pembicara sendiri. "I'll help you" menjadi She offered to help me, tanpa perlu that dan tanpa would.
Pola 4: verb + objek + to + verb 1
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| ask | meminta | She asked me to close the window. |
| advise | menyarankan | The doctor advised him to rest for a week. |
| remind | mengingatkan | My friend reminded me to bring my ID card. |
| warn | memperingatkan | The guide warned us not to swim near the waterfall. |
| invite | mengundang, mengajak | They invited me to join their group. |
| encourage | menyemangati | The tutor encouraged us to speak without notes. |
| order | memerintahkan | The officer ordered the driver to stop. |
Bentuk negatifnya not to: She advised me not to worry. Remind dan warn juga bisa memakai pola 2: He reminded me that the class started at eight.
Pola 5: verb + verb-ing
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| suggest | mengusulkan | Sari suggested going by train. |
| recommend | merekomendasikan | He recommended trying the local coffee. |
| admit | mengakui | She admitted breaking the glass. |
| deny | menyangkal | He denied taking the money. |
Empat kata ini juga boleh diikuti that: She admitted that she had broken the glass. Yang tidak boleh adalah to + verb 1. Kenapa bentuk -ing yang dipakai dibahas di artikel gerund.
Pola 6: verb + kata depan + verb-ing
| Reporting verb | Arti | Contoh kalimat |
|---|---|---|
| apologize for | meminta maaf karena | He apologized for being late. |
| insist on | bersikeras | She insisted on paying for lunch. |
| accuse (someone) of | menuduh | They accused him of cheating. |
| thank (someone) for | berterima kasih karena | I thanked her for helping me. |
Sesudah kata depan seperti for, on, dan of, kata kerja selalu berbentuk -ing.
Melaporkan maksudnya, bukan kata demi kata
Di percakapan nyata, orang jarang mengulang ucapan secara lengkap. Yang dilaporkan intinya. Di sinilah reporting verb paling berguna.
| Ucapan asli | Dilaporkan dengan satu kata kerja |
|---|---|
| "Sorry, I forgot your book." | He apologized for forgetting my book. |
| "Okay, I'll lend you my notes." | She agreed to lend me her notes. |
| "No, I won't go." | He refused to go. |
| "Don't forget to lock the door." | Mom reminded me to lock the door. |
| "You should see a dentist." | He advised me to see a dentist. |
| "Why don't we order pizza?" | She suggested ordering pizza. |
| "Yes, I ate the last cake." | He admitted eating the last cake. |
| "Would you like to come to my house?" | She invited me to come to her house. |
Cara ini juga yang dipakai saat merangkum bacaan atau menulis report text. Ucapan panjang narasumber dipadatkan menjadi satu kalimat dengan kata pelapor yang pas.
Reported speech untuk pikiran dan pertanyaan sopan
Pola yang sama dipakai untuk melaporkan pikiran, bukan hanya ucapan. Kata kerjanya think, know, believe, hope, wonder, dan realize.
- I thought you were at home. (Kukira kamu di rumah.)
- She didn't know the shop had moved. (Dia tidak tahu tokonya sudah pindah.)
- I wondered why he was so quiet. (Aku heran kenapa dia diam saja.)
Susunan "kata tanya + subjek + kata kerja" juga muncul di pertanyaan sopan:
- Where is the station? → Could you tell me where the station is?
- Does this bus go to Padang? → Do you know if this bus goes to Padang?
Jadi sekali kamu menguasai susunan pertanyaan di reported speech, kamu sekaligus bisa bertanya dengan lebih halus kepada orang yang baru dikenal.
Kesalahan yang sering muncul
| Salah | Benar | Kenapa |
|---|---|---|
| She suggested me to take a taxi. | She suggested taking a taxi. | Suggest tidak diikuti objek + to. |
| He explained me the rule. | He explained the rule to me. | Explain butuh to sebelum orangnya. |
| She told that she was sick. | She told me that she was sick. | Tell wajib diikuti orang. |
| He asked to me where I lived. | He asked me where I lived. | Ask langsung diikuti orang, tanpa to. |
| She promised me to helping. | She promised to help me. | Promise + to + verb 1. |
| He advised me don't go. | He advised me not to go. | Bentuk negatifnya not to. |
| She apologized to be late. | She apologized for being late. | Apologize for + verb-ing. |
| He denied to take the money. | He denied taking the money. | Deny + verb-ing. |
| I wonder where is he. | I wonder where he is. | Subjek dulu, baru kata kerja. |
Kesalahan pertama paling sering terjadi. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita bilang "dia menyarankan saya untuk naik taksi", lalu susunan itu terbawa ke bahasa Inggris. Untuk susunan seperti itu, kata yang tepat adalah advise, bukan suggest.
Latihan soal reported speech
A. Laporkan ucapan berikut dengan reporting verb di dalam kurung.
- "I'll bring the snacks," Budi said. (promise)
- "Let's study in the library," Maya said. (suggest)
- "Don't touch the wire," the technician said to us. (warn)
- "I'm sorry I broke your pen," Tia said. (apologize)
- "You should drink more water," the nurse said to me. (advise)
- "I didn't copy the answer," he said. (deny)
- "Remember to submit the form," the staff said to me. (remind)
B. Ubah menjadi reported speech.
- "Do you have a charger?" she asked me.
- "Where did you buy that jacket?" he asked me.
- "The class starts at eight," the tutor told us.
Kunci jawaban
- Budi promised to bring the snacks.
- Maya suggested studying in the library.
- The technician warned us not to touch the wire.
- Tia apologized for breaking my pen.
- The nurse advised me to drink more water.
- He denied copying the answer.
- The staff reminded me to submit the form.
- She asked me if I had a charger. (whether juga benar)
- He asked me where I had bought that jacket.
- The tutor told us (that) the class started at eight. (starts juga benar kalau jadwalnya masih berlaku)
Cara melatih reported speech
Pilih satu obrolan hari ini, misalnya percakapan di grup chat atau adegan film yang baru kamu tonton. Tulis lima kalimat laporan, dan usahakan tiap kalimat memakai reporting verb yang berbeda. Kalau kelimanya masih said, lihat lagi tabel di atas dan ganti minimal tiga.
Stok kata kerja untuk isi kalimatnya bisa kamu tambah dari daftar kata kerja bahasa Inggris dan kumpulan kosakata bahasa Inggris sehari-hari.
Reported speech pada dasarnya keterampilan bercerita, jadi paling cepat berkembang kalau ada lawan bicara. Di program Basic Kampung Inggris Sumatra, pola seperti ini dibahas dari dasar, lalu langsung dipakai menceritakan ulang ucapan teman sekelas sampai suggested going dan advised me to go tidak tertukar lagi.
Hafal reporting verb, tapi yang keluar tetap said terus?
Kata baru menempel kalau dipakai bercerita. Di program Basic Kampung Inggris Sumatra, grammar dibahas dari dasar, lalu kamu berlatih menceritakan ulang obrolan dengan teman sekelas dan tutor tiap hari belajar.
